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CENTER ON JUVENILE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE |
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| www.cjcj.org |
| Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, 1622 Folsom Street, San Francisco, CA 94103 | Tel: (415) 621-5661 | Fax: (415) 621-5466 |
CONTACT: Jacqueline Sullivan
E-mail: [jacqueline@cjcj.org]
Tel: (415) 621-5661 x319
VI. Endnotes
1 Prepared remarks by Barry R. McCaffrey, Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy before the First Annual Criminal Justice and Substance Abuse Conference, Albany, New York, June 29, 1999.2 Commenting on New York State's mandatory sentences for drug offenses, which he voted in favor of in 1973. Quoted in Terms of Imprisonment, by Ellen Perlman, Governing Magazine, April 2000.
3 See, for example, Alan J. Beck Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 1999, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, April 2000; and Jason Ziedenberg and Vincent Schiraldi, The Punishing Decade: Prison and Jail Estimates at the Millennium, Justice Policy Institute, Washington, DC, revised estimates, May, 2000.
4 Ziedenberg and Schiraldi, May 2000.
5 See Dan Macallair, Khaled Taqi-Eddin and Vincent Schiraldi, Class Dismissed: Higher Education vs. Corrections During the Wilson Years, Justice Policy Institute, Washington, DC, September 1998; Robert Gangi, Vincent Schiraldi, and Jason Ziedenberg, New York State of Mind? Higher Education vs. Prison Funding in the Empire State, 1988 - 1998, Justice Policy Institute and Correctional Association of New York, December 1998.
6 Ziedenberg and Schiraldi, May 2000.
7 The Sentencing Project, Drug Policy and the Criminal Justice System, August 1999.
8 John Irwin, Vincent Schiraldi, and Jason Ziedenberg, America's One Million Nonviolent Prisoners, Justice Policy Institute, Washington, DC, March 1999.
9 Statement of General Barry F. McCaffrey, Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy at the National Conference on Drug Abuse Prevention Research, Washington, DC, September, 1996.
10 According to Beck, 1999, the U.S. incarceration rate is 682 Per 100,000. Russia's incarceration rate is 685 per 100,000, Sentencing Project, Briefing Sheet #1049, New Inmate Population figures Suggest US Will Soon Surpass Russian Rate of Incarceration. 1999.
11 Marc Mauer and Tracy Huling, Young Black Americans and the Criminal Justice System: Five Years Later, The Sentencing Project, Washington, DC, October 1995.
12 Michael Jones and Eileen Poe-Yamagata, And Justice for Some?, Building Blocks for Youth, Washington, DC, April 2000.
13 Marc Mauer, Intended and Unintended Consequences: State Racial Disparities in Imprisonment, The Sentencing Project, Washington, DC, January 1997.
14 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Summary Findings, 1998.
15 Losing the Vote, The Sentencing Project and Human Rights Watch, October 1998.
16 Human Rights Watch, Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs, New York, June 2000.
17 For state estimates, the 1997 Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) estimates of violent, non-violent and drug offender prison populations were converted to percentages, and applied to the 2000 prison and jail estimates released by BJS in April, 2000. The federal estimate is based on a 1998 count and percentage of federal prisoners held for drug offenses that year, and was also applied to the April 2000 estimate. The jail estimate is based on counts on the national jail population done in 1996, and published by BJS in 1998. Beck, Alan. J. Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 1999. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, April, 2000; Maguire, Kathleen and Ann. L. Pastore, editors Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998.
18 In 1980, the combined prison and jail population of the US was 474,368. (Ziedenberg and Schiraldi, May 2000).
19 This estimate should be considered conservative, since it does not include prisoners who are incarcerated solely for failing urine tests while on probation or parole for non-drug offenses.
20 Costs per inmate per year for state ($20,261.15) and federal ($21,837.95) prisons and jails ($19,903) were derived from The Corrections Yearbook per day average estimate, and applied to our estimates of drug offenders in each system; Camp, George M. and Camp, Camille Graham. The Corrections Yearbook, 1998. Middletown, Connecticut: Criminal Justice Institute, 1999.
21 Based on a calculation of the 15 EU member countries incarceration data from Roy Walmsley, World Prison Population List: Research Findings No. 88, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, London, United Kingdom.
22 SAMSHA, Summary Findings 1998.
23 The available census data sets required us to define this group as those ages 15-29. While more minors under age 18 are being tried and punished as adults, their portion of overall prison admissions is low. It is also important to note that in some states a youth may be placed in a juvenile facility until the age of 21 or even 25.
24 Human Rights Watch, June 2000.
25 Jonathan P. Caulkins, C. Peter Rydell, William Schwabe, and James R. Chiesa, Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences: Throwing Away the Key or the Taxpayers' Money?, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, 1997.
26 Perlman, 2000.
27 Ibid.
28 The Sentencing Project, 1999.
29 New York State Unified Court System, Press Release, June 22, 2000.
30 Katherine E. Finkelstein, New York to Offer Addicts Treatment Instead of Prison, New York Times, June 23, 2000, page A1.
31 New York State Commission on Drugs and the Courts, Confronting the Cycle of Addiction and Recidivism: a Report to Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye. New York, June 2000.
32 New York State Unified Court System, Press Release, June 22, 2000.
33 Gangi, et al., 1998.
34 New York State Commission on Drugs and the Courts, June 2000.
35 Ibid.
36 Supreme Court, State of Arizona, Drug Treatment and Education Fund Implementation Year: The Comprehensive Report, Fiscal Year 1997 - 1998, March 1999.
37 Fiscal Effect of "The Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000," California Legislative Analyst's Office, 1999.
38 Chris Burnett, Voters are indecisive on voucher initiative, Scripps-McClatchy News Service, June 30, 2000.
39 The US Census Bureau estimates the population of the District of Columbia as of 7/1/99 was 519,000.
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